The Citizen Genêt Affair of 1793

The new United States federal government had largely managed to avoid serious diplomatic incidents until 1793. And then along came Citizen Genà ªt. Now more infamously known as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt,† Edmond Charles Genà ªt served as France’s foreign minister to the United States from 1793 to 1794. Rather than maintaining friendly relationships between the two nations, Genà ªt’s activities entangled France and the United States in a diplomatic crisis that endangered the United States government’s attempts to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France. While France ultimately resolved the dispute by removing Genà ªt from his position, the events of the Citizen Genà ªt affair forced the United States to create its first set of procedures governing international neutrality. Citizen Genà ªt Edmond Charles Genà ªt was virtually raised to be a government diplomat. Born in Versailles in 1763, he was the ninth son of a lifelong French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genà ªt, a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs. The elder Genà ªt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. By the age of 12, the young Edmond Genà ªt was considered a prodigy due to his ability to read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek, and German. In 1781, at age 18, Genà ªt was appointed court translator and in 1788 was assigned to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia to serve as ambassador. Genà ªt eventually came to despise all monarchical systems of government, including not only the French monarchy but the Tsarist Russian regime under Catherine the Great, as well. Needless to say, Catherine was offended and in 1792, declared Genà ªt persona non grata, calling his presence â€Å"not only superfluous but even intolerable.† The same year, the anti-monarchist Girondist group rose to power in France and appointed Genà ªt to his post of minister to the United States. Diplomatic Setting of the Citizen Genà ªt Affair During the 1790s, American foreign policy was dominated by the multi-national fallout being generated by the French Revolution. After the violent overthrow of the French monarchy in 1792, the French revolutionary government faced an often-violent colonial power struggle with the monarchies of Great Britain and Spain. In 1793, President George Washington had just appointed former U.S. ambassador to France Thomas Jefferson as America’s first Secretary of State. When the French Revolution led to war between America’s top trade partner Britain and American Revolution ally France, President Washington urged Jefferson, along with the rest of his Cabinet, to maintain a policy of neutrality. However, Jefferson, as leader of the anti-federalist Democratic-Republican Party, sympathized with the French revolutionaries. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, leader of the Federalist Party, favored maintaining existing alliances—and treaties—with Great Britain. Convinced that supporting either Great Britain or France in a war would place the still comparatively weak United States in imminent danger of invasion by foreign armies, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793. It was this setting that the French government sent Genà ªt – one of its most experienced diplomats—to America to seek the U.S. government’s help in protecting its colonies in the Caribbean. As far as the French government was concerned, America could help them as either an active military ally or as a neutral supplier of arms and materials. Genà ªt was also assigned to: Obtain advance payments on debts owed to France by the United States;Negotiate a commercial agreement between the United States and France; andImplement provisions of the 1778 Franco-American treaty allowing France to attack British merchant ships using French ships stationed in American ports. Unfortunately, Genà ªt’s actions in trying to carry out his mission would bring him – and potentially his government—into direct conflict with the U.S. government. Hello, America. I’m Citizen Genà ªt and I’m Here to Help As soon as he stepped off the ship in Charleston, South Carolina on April 8, 1793, Genà ªt introduced himself as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt† in an effort to emphasize his pro-revolutionary stance. Genà ªt hoped his affection for French revolutionaries would help him win the hearts and minds of Americans who had recently fought their own revolution, with the help of France, of course. The first American heart and mind Genà ªt apparently won belonged to South Carolina governor William Moultrie. Genà ªt convinced Gov. Moultrie to issue privateering commissions that authorized the bearers, regardless of their country of origin, to board and seize British merchant ships and their cargo for their own profit, with the approval and protection of the French government. In May 1793, Genà ªt arrived in Philadelphia, then the U.S. capital. However, when he presented his diplomatic credentials, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told him that President Washington’s Cabinet considered his agreement with Gov. Moultrie sanctioning the operations of foreign privateers in American seaports to be a violation of the U.S. policy of neutrality. Taking more wind from Genà ªt’s sails, the U.S. Government, already holding favorable trade privileges in French ports, refused to negotiate a new trade treaty. Washington’s Cabinet also refused Genà ªt’s request for advance payments on U.S. debts to the French government. Genà ªt Defies Washington Not to be deterred by the U.S. government’s warnings, Genà ªt began outfitting another French pirate ship in Charleston Harbor named the Little Democrat. Defying further warnings from U.S. officials to not allow the ship to leave port, Genà ªt continued to prepare the Little Democrat to sail. Further fanning the flames, Genà ªt threatened to bypass the U.S. government by taking his case for French piracy of British ships to the American people, who he believed would back his cause. However, Genà ªt failed to realize that President Washington—and his international neutrality policy—enjoyed great public popularity. Even as President Washington’s Cabinet was discussing how to convince the French government to recall him, Citizen Genà ªt allowed the Little Democrat to sail and begin attacking British merchant ships. Upon learning of this direct violation of the U.S. government’s neutrality policy, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton asked Secretary of State Jefferson to immediately expel Genà ªt from the United States. Jefferson, however, decided to take the more diplomatic tact of sending a request Genà ªt’s recall to the French government. By the time Jefferson’s request for Genà ªt’s recall reached France, political power within the French government shifted. The radical Jacobins group had replaced the slightly less radical Girondins, who had originally sent Genà ªt to the United States. The foreign policy of the Jacobins favored maintaining friendlier relations with neutral countries that could provide France with crucially needed food. Already unhappy with his failure to fulfill his diplomatic mission and suspecting him of remaining loyal to the Girondins, the French government stripped Genà ªt of his position and demanded that the U.S. government hand him over to French officials sent to replace him. Aware that Genà ªt’s return to France would almost certainly result in his execution, President Washington and Attorney General Edmund Randolph allowed him to remain in the United States. The Citizen Genà ªt affair came to a peaceful end, with Genà ªt himself continuing to reside in the United States until his death in 1834. The Citizen Genà ªt Affair Solidified  US Neutrality Policy In response to the Citizen Genà ªt affair, the United States immediately established a formal policy regarding international neutrality. On August 3, 1793, President Washington’s Cabinet unanimously signed a set of regulations regarding neutrality. Less than a year later, on June 4, 1794, Congress formalized those regulations with its passage of the Neutrality Act of 1794. As the basis for U.S. neutrality policy, the Neutrality Act of 1794 makes it illegal for any American to wage war against any country currently at peace with the United States. In part, the Act declares: â€Å"If any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States begin or set on foot or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise ... against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or state of whom the United States was at peace that person would be guilty of a misdemeanor.† Although amended several times over the years, the Neutrality Act of 1794 remains in force today.

Wal-Mart China Analysis - 3304 Words

Introduction Since China was opened the market in earlier 1980s, a number of foreign supermarket corporation were entered, e.g. Carrefour, Tesco and Wal-mart. Now the Wal-mart has become one of the very important supermarkets in Chinese supermarket sector. This assignment is intends to offer the evaluation for the business and performance of Wal-mart in China in terms of PEST and SWOT models, with critical discussion on the choosing and using of those two analytical models, so that provide the critical analysis and related recommendation to Wal-mart’s strategy in China. Critical evaluation of PEST and SWOT models Since the corporate strategy has been commonly described as a matrix that provided proper business direction and extent for†¦show more content†¦The evaluation of Wal-mart in China in terms of PEST and SWOT models Political factor It’s a trend that the Chinese government increasingly open market to foreign investors by reducing the barriers of entry. Recently, the State Council of China has altered the foreign investment policies, encouraged and supported the foreign investment on the service sector, especially the labour intensive but environmental friendly business in low developed central or western China (Chen Liang, 2010). The government has also permitted the foreign investors to set up partnership business with local firms (Cao Tai, 2009) rather than formerly approved options of joint venture and wholly owned. On the other hand, the current government and communist party are working to ease the social inequality. The minimum wage and annual income protection have been approved and increased in China at present (Wang et.al., 2009). Also, they have promoted the establishment of government-led labour union in major foreign business and expect to require all of them to set up in later (Kahn, 2006), which aim to create official-approved labour protection chapter and collective bargaining in foreign firms. Economic factor At present, the Chinese economy has partly recovered from previous strike of global economic crisis. With sizable fiscal stimulus in public sector and release of massive lending in recent years,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Swot Analysis of Wal-Mart in China1779 Words   |  8 PagesWal-Mart in China October 31, 2011 The team is playing the role of management consultants in the case study of Wal-Mart stores in China. The team decided that a SWOT analysis was the best approach to the case in the beginning stages of the project. The SWOT analysis was designed as a tool that identifies  the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. The  method of SWOT analysis is to take the information from  an environmental analysis and separate it into internal  (strengthsRead MoreCase Analysis: Wal-Mart Stores: „Everyday Low Pricesâ€Å" in China2263 Words   |  10 PagesCase Analysis: Wal-Mart Stores: „Everyday Low Pricesâ€Å" in China I. 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Management of AVI-Tech Electronics Limited

Questions: 1.The Singapore Quality Award (SQA) is awarded to organisations that can attain at least 700 points on the various business excellence standards. Besides the SQA, there are niche awards that are based on niche standards that support the overall business excellence framework. overall business excellence framework? 2.Describe the process of evaluating and selecting organisations, like AVI, for the Singapore Quality Award? 3.There are nine key attributes of well-managed and high-performing organisation. Discuss any four key attributes that might apply to or observed in AVI? Answers: 1. It is correct to say that SQA (Singapore Quality Award) is one of the most trusted and widely used quality awards in Singapore. These awards are awarded to the organizations with operational excellence. Generally, the recipient of the awards are the organizations that are able to maintain their quality of products and services. However, there also exists niche awards other than the SQA. These awards are based on niche standards that support the overall business excellence framework. These niche awards use various niche and specific standards. For example, one of the key specific standards is to minimize vendor complaints about the quality of services. It is observed that the corporations would want to minimize the end-consumer complaints. However, when it comes to service delivery of vendors and affiliates, the company may not have hard standards (?liwa Kellard, 2016). This niche standard is a part of business excellence framework and it ensures that the vendor management and aff iliate management is taken care of. Another niche standard that is observed in business excellence framework is the quality checks that are out on the raw materials that is procured from the suppliers. This niche standard of raw material quality ensures that any raw material is at least checked twice before it can be taken for production. This ensures that the quality of final product is not compromised and in long term, the organization is able to maintain the six-sigma standards. This method is used frequently by the organizations in the manufacturing and automobile sector. The large organizations like Toyota is a pioneer in this standard of quality management for raw materials. The small organizations can learn a lot from this standard. Some organizations may have the need of large supply of raw materials and some organizations may need less. However, as a best practice, every raw material that is sourced in the organizations should pass through strict quality standards. 2. The assessor has a strict mechanism in place to evaluate the organizations. There are various parameters for the organization is rated (Pidd Broadbent, 2015). In the framework, there are seven categories used to assess an organisation. These are Leadership, customers, strategy, people, processes, results and knowledge. 3. There are nine attributes of high performing organizations. All these attributes distinguish the best organizations from others. Let us discuss the four attributes that apply to AVI. These four key attributes that is observed in AVI can be discussed as: Leading with vision and integrity: The leadership at top is committed to bring continuous quality improvements. This can be observed in the leadership of Mr. Lim. He ensured that he personally addresses all the employees of the organization to emerge as a successful local multinational company. He communicated his vision to all the stakeholders. Therefore, it can be said that AVI successfully demonstrated this attribute. Managing with agility: The organization has a very flat organizational design that supports system thinking, agility and transparency. The CEO ensured that employees do not feel and hesitation to reach out to him. He was always available and he ensured that he can answer the queries of employees. The idea was to develop and agile system in place so that overall organizational productivity could be improved. Valuing People and partners: AVI has support from some of the best talent in the industry. It ensures that quality exist as a culture (Vora, 2013). One thing that distinguishes AVI from others is the culture of empowerment. AVI empowered its employees to take risks and come out with best ideas and solutions for business problem. At AVI, there was a strong partnership between management, employees and other stakeholders. This partnership ultimately resulted in strong organization. Anticipating the future: The change is never considered as a difficult task in the organization. With effective change management, the organization is never afraid of future. Within AVI, quality exist as a culture and all the stakeholders (internal external) are cautious about the quality. AVI always focused to have smart employees in the system who do not fear change. The management of AVI wanted to deal with change and uncertainty in a smooth manner. AVI realized that industry forces and dynamic and cannot be predicted. Therefore, it is better to be future ready with effective system of change management in place. References Kellard, N. M., ?liwa, M. (2016). Business and Management Impact Assessment in Research Excellence Framework 2014: Analysis and Reflection. British Journal of Management, 27(4), 693-711. Vora, M. (2013). Business excellence through sustainable change management. The TQM Journal, 25(6), 625-640. Pidd, M., Broadbent, J. (2015). Business and management studies in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework. British Journal of Management, 26(4), 569-581.

Wolf Motors Case Study Essay Example

Wolf Motors Case Study Essay Answer guidelines: 1. Recommendations for structuring purchasing process: Wolf Motors should consider a centralized corporate level Materials Management System to consolidate buying decisions for each of the 4 dealerships. This would facilitate greater leveraging with suppliers for consistent quality-control. Economies of scale can be achieved by negotiating for better product pricing through higher volume purchasing. An automated EDI inventory management system that interconnects with each of the dealerships and interfaces with the suppliers should be considered: The system would alert purchasing agents and suppliers when critical inventory levels are reached. Inventory Pooling between dealerships could eliminate the need to overstock; parts could be swapped between dealerships in emergency situations. A Vendor-Managed Inventory system would allow the suppliers to continuously replenish stock as needed to avoid shortages. 2. Purchasing policies and procedures for different types of service parts and materials: Wolf Motors has to be concerned with price, quality and delivery in order to ensure after-sale customer service and satisfaction is achieved and maintained. An objective would be to reduce the number of suppliers in the purchasing process by identifying a single source distributor for as many supply and product acquisitions as possible. Working with the distributor Wolf can to identify and select only those brands or products that meet the quality standards which they have set. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolf Motors Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wolf Motors Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wolf Motors Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By minimizing the number of transactions necessary to maintain the desired inventory levels would allow Wolf to realize additional cost savings. 3. Using Supply-Chain Management to reduce space and investment requirements while maintaining adequate service levels: With effective supply-chain management, Wolf Motors can streamline the acquisition processes and maintain efficient inventory control while reducing unnecessary inventory warehousing. Wolf would need to analyze historical inventory turnover rates to identify the appropriate range of supplies required to be on hand in each category. Wolf would need to make adjustments to inventory levels to accommodate demands during peak seasons and promotional marketing periods. Developing the relationship with the distributors and suppliers is critical to ensure availability of supplies necessary to maintain services that continue to satisfy customer needs and demands.